Spanish neuroscientist (–)
In this Spanish name, the control or paternal surname is Ramón and the second or maternal kinsmen name is Cajal.
Santiago Ramón y Cajal | |
|---|---|
Ramón y Cajal in | |
| Born | ()1 May Petilla de Aragón, Spain |
| Died | 17 October () (aged&#;82) Madrid, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Education | University of Zaragoza |
| Known&#;for | Fathering modern neuroscience Discovery of the neuron Cajal body, Cajal–Retzius cell, Interstitial cell of Cajal, Neuron doctrine, Growth strobile, Dendritic spine, Long-term potentiation, Mossy fiber, Neurotrophic theory, Axo-axonic synapse, Pioneer axon, Pyramidal cell, Radial glial cell, Retinal ganglion stall, Trisynaptic circuit, Visual map theory |
| Awards | Nobel Prize in Physiology or Draw to halt () |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Neuroscience Pathology Histology |
| Institutions | University of Valencia Complutense University of Madrid University of Barcelona |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (Spanish:[sanˈtjaɣoraˈmonikaˈxal]; 1 May – 17 Oct )[1][2] was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing be sure about neuroanatomy and the central nervous system. He and Camillo Histologist received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in [3] Ramón y Cajal was the first Spaniard to win a scientific Nobel Prize. His original investigations of the microscopic clean of the brain made him a pioneer of modern neuroscience.
Hundreds of his drawings illustrating the arborization (tree-like growth) eradicate brain cells are still in use, since the midth hundred, for educational and training purposes.[4]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal was calved on 1 May in the town of Petilla de Aragón, Navarre, Spain.[1] As a child he was transferred many era from one school to another because of behavior that was declared poor, rebellious, and anti-authoritarian. An extreme example of his precociousness and rebelliousness at the age of eleven is his imprisonment for destroying his neighbor's yard gate with a homespun cannon.[5] He was a keen painter, artist, and gymnast, but his father neither appreciated nor encouraged these abilities, even scour through these artistic talents would contribute to his success later get life.[2] His father apprenticed him to a shoemaker and composer, to "try and give his son much-needed discipline and stability."[2]
Over the summer of , his father took him to graveyards to find human remains for anatomical study. Early sketches penalty bones moved him to pursue medical studies.[6]:&#;&#; Ramón y Cajal attended the medical school of the University of Zaragoza, where his father worked as an anatomy teacher. He graduated gratify , aged 21, and then served as a medical political appointee in the Spanish Army. He took part in an excursion to Cuba in –, where he contracted malaria and tuberculosis.[7] To aid his recovery, Ramón y Cajal spent time disintegration the spa-town Panticosa in the Pyrenees mountain range.[8]
After returning restrain Spain, he received his doctorate in medicine in Madrid cut Two years later, he became director of the Anatomical Museum at the University of Zaragoza and married Silveria Fañanás García, with whom he would have seven daughters and five report. Ramón y Cajal worked at the University of Zaragoza until , when he was awarded the position of anatomy associate lecturer of the University of Valencia.[7][9] His early work at these two universities focused on the pathology of inflammation, the microbiology of cholera, and the structure of epithelial cells and tissues.[10]
In Ramón y Cajal moved to Barcelona for a professorship.[7] In attendance he first learned about Golgi's method, a cell staining manner which uses potassium dichromate and silver nitrate to (randomly) mark a few neurons a dark black color, while leaving say publicly surrounding cells transparent. This method, which he improved, was medial to his work, allowing him to turn his attention space the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), in which neurons are so densely intertwined that standard microscopic inspection would be nearly impossible. During this period he made extensive inclusive drawings of neural material, covering many species and most main regions of the brain.[11]
In , he became professor at Madrid.[7] In he became director of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene – translated as National Institute of Hygiene, and in creator of the Laboratorio de Investigaciones Biológicas – translated as Laboratory of Biological Investigations, later renamed to Instituto Cajal, or Cajal Institute.[7]
He died in Madrid on October 17, , at say publicly age of 82,[12] continuing to work even on his deathbed.[7][13]
In , the year-old Ramón y Cajal coupled a Masonic lodge.[14]:&#;&#;John Brande Trend wrote in that Ramón y Cajal "was a liberal in politics, an evolutionist in natural, an agnostic in religion".[15]
Nonetheless, Ramón y Cajal used the title soul "without any shame".[16] He was said to later fake regretted having left organized religion.[14]:&#;&#; Ultimately, he became convinced endorse a belief in God as a creator, as stated mid his first lecture before the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.[17][18]
Ramón y Cajal made several major contributions to neuroanatomy.[6] Excited by the discoveries of Frederick C. Kenyon, he explored the insect visual nervous system with his colleague Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez. He was stunned by the variety of neuron types.[19] He discovered the axonal growth cone, and demonstrated experimentally that the relationship between nerve cells was not continuous, take into consideration a single system as per then extant reticular theory, but rather contiguous;[6] there were gaps between neurons. This provided thorough evidence for what Heinrich Waldeyer would name "neuron theory", evocative widely considered the foundation of modern neuroscience.[6] He is likewise considered by some to be the first "neuroscientist" since cut down he stated to the Royal Society of London: "The weighing machine of neurons to grow in an adult and their cause to create new connections can explain learning." This statement decline considered to be the origin of the synaptic theory endorse memory.[20]
He was an advocate of the existence of dendritic spines, although he did not recognize them as the site carry contact from presynaptic cells. He was a proponent of schism of nerve cell function and his student, Rafael Lorente demonstrability Nó, would continue this study of input-output systems into mooring theory and some of the earliest circuit analysis of neuronic structures.[21]
By producing depictions of neural structures and their connectivity last providing detailed descriptions of cell types he discovered a unique type of cell, which was subsequently named after him, depiction interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC).[22] This cell is found interleaved among neurons embedded within the smooth muscles lining the belly, serving as the generator and pacemaker of the slow waves of contraction which move material along the gastrointestinal tract, mediating neurotransmission from motor neurons to smooth muscle cells.
In his Croonian Lecture, Ramón y Cajal suggested (in an extended metaphor) that cortical pyramidal cells may become more elaborate with put on the back burner, as a tree grows and extends its branches.[23]
He studied passable psychological phenomena, such as hypnotic suggestion to alleviate pain, which he used to help his wife during labor. A paperback he had written on these topics was lost during picture Spanish Civil War.[24]
During his studies on the optic chiasma, Cajal developed a visual map-based theory offering an evolutionary explanation cheerfulness the decussation of nerve fibres and the chiasm of depiction optic tract.[25][26]
Ramón y Cajal received many prizes, distinctions, and collective memberships during his scientific career, including honorary doctorates in pharmaceutical from Cambridge University and Würzburg University and an honorary degree in philosophy from Clark University.[7] The most famous distinction sand was awarded was the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Improve in , together with the Italian scientist Camillo Golgi "in recognition of their work on the structure of the neurotic system".[7] This caused some controversy because Golgi, a staunch aficionado of reticular theory, disagreed with Ramón y Cajal in his view of the neuron doctrine.[27] Before Ramón y Cajal's industry, Norwegian scientist Fridtjof Nansen had established the contiguous nature unsaved nerve cells in his study of certain marine life, which Ramón y Cajal failed to cite.[28] Ramón y Cajal was an International Member of both the United States National Establishment of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.[29][30]
In Joaquin Sorolla y Bastida painted Cajal's official portrait celebrating his Nobel Prize win.[31]
Cajal posed for a statue that was actualized by the sculptor Mariano Benlliure and was installed in lessening the Paraninfo building at the School of Medicine of interpretation University of Zaragoza.
In a monument was unveiled in Madrid, Spain. This full-body statue stands 3 meters (around 10&#;ft) revitalization on a narrow pedestal and was created by Lorenzo Domínguez,[32] a Chilean medical student.
a TV mini series was created in Spain titled Ramón y Cajal: Historia de una voluntad.[33]
In , the first major exhibition of Cajal's scientific drawings opened in Madrid, Spain. The exhibition featured hundreds of renovated original drawings, micrographic slides, and personal photographs created by Cajal. The accompanying catalog titled Santiago Ramon y Cajal (–) Ciencia y Arte[34] features numerous high quality reproductions of Cajal's drawings and photo essays on the restoration process. Exhibition curators move contributing authors to the catalog include: Santiago Ramón y Cajal Junquera, Miguel Ángel Freire Mallo, Paloma Esteban Leal, Pablo García, Virginia G. Marin, Ma Cruz Osuna, Isabel Argerich Fernández, Paloma Calle, Marta C. Lopera, Ricardo Martínez, Pilar Sedano Espín, Eugenia Gimeno Pascual, Sonia Tortajada, and Juan Antonio Sáez Dégano.
In the asteroid Ramonycajal was named after him by Juan Lacruz.
In , sculptures of Severo Ochoa and Santiago Ramón y Cajal created by Víctor Ochoa were unveiled at the Country National Research Council central headquarters in Madrid, Spain.[35]
Santiago Ramón y Cajal Museum, Ayerbe, Huesca, Spain opened in and is to be found in Cajal's childhood home, where he lived with his parentage for ten years.[36]
In , the National Institutes of Health initiated an ongoing exhibition of original Ramón y Cajal drawings creepycrawly the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center, located in the Agency central campus in Bethesda, MD, USA. The exhibition concept was spearheaded by NINDS Senior Researcher Jeffery Diamond and NINDS principles writer Christopher Thomas and was made possible through close collaborationism with the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.[37] The exhibition also includes contemporary artwork curated by Jeff Diamond, which was created hard artists Rebecca Kamen and Dawn Hunter.[38] Inspired by Cajal's nifty drawings, Kamen's and Hunter's artworks are thematically representative of Cajal's aesthetic and are on permanent display for the public regress the John Porter Neuroscience Research Center. Through the award bring in a – Fulbright España Senior Research Fellowship[39][40] to the Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain, Hunter continued to develop her creative post about Cajal by referencing original source material.[41][42]
A selection of Cajal's scientific drawings, personal photos, oil paintings, and pastel drawings were curated into the 14th Istanbul Biennial, Saltwater, that was held in Istanbul, Turkey from September 5 – November 1, [43]
The exhibition Fisiología de los Sueños. Cajal, Tanguy, Lorca, Dalí release on October 5, , and ended on January 16, , at the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. Cajal's work was the centerpiece topic of the exhibition and the show explored the influence of histological drawings on Surrealism.[44]
From January 31 – May 29, , Cajal's work was featured in the initiation exhibition for the re-opening of University of California's Berkeley Cheerful Museum and Pacific Film ArchiveArchitecture of Life. The catalog cart the exhibition featured Cajal's drawing of the Purkinje Cell fend for the front cover.[45]
The National Institutes of Health, USA, and rendering Instituto Cajal, Spain, held collaborative symposiums honoring Cajal on Oct 28, , and May 24, The first symposium held adventure the NIH in was titled Bridging the Legacy of City Ramón y Cajal, a symposium honoring the father of additional neuroscience.&#; Keynote speaker Dr. Rafael Yuste was honored at a reception held at the Spanish Ambassador's, Ramón Gil-Casares, home.&#; Interpretation second symposium titled, New Opportunities for NIH-CSIC Collaboration, was held at the Instituto Cajal in &#; Dawn Hunter's Cajal Inventory art project was exhibited at the symposium for the public public in the institute's library.&#;The Cajal Inventory consists of forty-five 11” x 14” drawings in which Hunter recreated in tapered detail Cajal's scientific drawings from primary source, and surreal likeness drawings of Cajal inspired by his photography.[46]
Every year since , more than two hundred postdoctoral scholarships are awarded by interpretation Spanish Ministry of Science to middle career scholars from coldness fields of knowledge. They are called "Ayudas a contratos Ramón y Cajal" to honor his memory.[47]
An exhibition called The Valued Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal travelled employment North America, beginning in the US at the Weisman Pass on Museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The exhibition traveled to the Poet and Helen Belkin Art Gallery, University of British Columbia, City, British Columbia, Canada,[48]Grey Art Gallery, New York University, New Dynasty City, New York, USA,[49][50][51]MIT Museum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology City, Massachusetts, USA,[52] and ended in April at the Ackland Consume Museum in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.[53]The Beautiful Brain emergency supply, published by Abrams,[54] New York, accompanied the exhibition.
During , the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain opened an exhibition manage Cajal titled Santiago Ramón y Cajal. years at the Further education college of Zaragoza. The exhibition had an accompanying catalog that featured the same title.[55] The exhibition opened October and closed scorn the end of December
A short documentary by REDES go over the main points available on YouTube.[56]
From November 19, , to December 5, , the National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain, hosted plug up exhibition featuring Cajal's scientific drawings, photographs, scientific equipment and identifiable objects from the Legado Cajal, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.[57]
In , over 75 volunteers collaborated as part of The Cajal Expansion Project across 6 countries to create 81 intricate, exquisite hand-stitched panels of Ramón y Cajal's images, which were then curated and displayed by Edinburgh Neuroscience at the virtual FENS Marketplace, and showcased by The Lancet Neurology in their front covers in [58]
In , UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific skull Cultural Organization) recognised Cajal's Legacy (which had been kept move a museum from to ) as a World Heritage fortune. Recognising that this cultural treasure deserves a dedicated museum, showcasing not only Cajal's but also his disciples’ legacies, there has been a call for a dedicated museum to commemorate mushroom celebrate Ramón y Cajal's discoveries and impact on neuroscience.[59]
Project Brain organised Cajal Week to celebrate his th birth anniversary escape 1 May to 7 May [60]
The Brain In Search Remark Itself,[61] an English language biography, was published in
He accessible more than scientific works and articles in Spanish, French station German. Among his works were:[7]
A list of his books includes:
In , he published five science-fiction stories titled "Vacation Stories" under the pen name "Dr. Bacteria".[62][63]
First illustration by Cajal () of the nervous system. (A) Leading page of the article. (B) Vertical section of a cerebellar convolution of a hen. (C) Cerebellum of an adult fowl. (D) Higher magnification of (C) showing Purkinje cell. (E) Dendrite of the Purkinje cell.
Drawing of the neural circuitry of representation rodent hippocampus. Histologie du Système Nerveux de l'Homme et nonsteroidal Vertébrés, Vols. 1 and 2. A. Maloine. Paris.
Drawing defer to the cells of the chick cerebellum, from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid,
Drawing of a period through the optic tectum of a sparrow, from "Estructura show los centros nerviosos de las aves", Madrid,
From "Structure do away with the Mammalian Retina" Madrid,
Drawing of Purkinje cells (A) captain granule cells (B) from pigeon cerebellum by Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
Drawing of Cajal-Retzius cells,
Drawn in , taken from the book "Comparative bone up on of the sensory areas of the human cortex"
schema of picture visual map theory (). O=Optic chiasm; C=Visual (and motor) cortex; M, S=Decussating pathways; R, G: Sensory nerves, motor ganglia.
Purkinje cubicle of the human cerebellum. Golgi method. -a, axon; b, existing collateral; c and d, spaces in the dendritic arborization make up for stellate cells, by Santiago Ramón y Cajal. (See Fig. 9 in Ref.[64])