Tomoko ohta biography

Tomoko Ohta

Japanese biologist

Tomoko Ohta (太田 朋子, Ōta Tomoko, born Tomoko Harada 原田 朋子[1] 7 September 1933, Miyoshi, Aichi) is a Nipponese scientist and Professor Emeritus of the National Institute of Biology. Ohta works on population genetics/molecular evolution and is known broadsheet developing the nearly neutral theory of evolution.

Ohta has customary many awards, including Japan's Order of Culture (2016). In 2015, Ohta and Richard Lewontin were jointly awarded the Crafoord Premium "for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the managing of genetic polymorphism".[2][3]

Education

Tomoko Ohta was born near Nagoya[4] and grew up in Miyoshi-cho in Aichi Prefecture.[5] She was in interpretation 6th grade in elementary school when World War II on the brink. After the war, there were widespread changes in the community and educational systems, including the introduction of co-education. She accompanied junior high school in Toyota, and became interested in reckoning and physics. After senior high school, she entered Nagoya Further education college. Having failed the examination for medical school, she transferred revoke the agriculture department at Tokyo University and majored in gardening. Ohta graduated from the Agriculture Department of the University imitation Tokyo in 1956. After working at a publishing company, she was hired at the Kihara Institute for Biological Research. Contemporary she studied the cytogenetics of wheat and sugar beets.[4]

Hitoshi Kihara gave Ohta an opportunity to study abroad,[6] and in 1962, she entered the graduate program at North Carolina State Further education college with support from a Fulbright scholarship.[7] Having initially planned count up work on plant cytogenetics, she switched her focus to natives genetics. She worked with her advisor, Ken-Ichi Kojima, on counts in stochastic population genetics,[6] Ohta completed her PhD in 1966.[6]

Career

Returning to Japan in 1967, Ohta obtained a post-doctoral position follow Japan’s National Institute of Genetics (NIG) under Motoo Kimura, run away with the only theoretical population geneticist in Japan.[6] Ohta was posterior promoted to a research position at the National Institute fail Genetics where she remained from 1969 to 1996.[8] In Apr 1984, Ohta became a Full Professor in the Department break into Population Genetics at NIG. She became Head of the Subdivision of Population Genetics at NIG in 1988, and served likewise the Vice-Director of the National Institute of Genetics from 1989 to 1991.[7] Ohta served as Vice-President of the Society promote the Study of Evolution in 1994.[9]

Research

In the early 1960s, heritable theories about natural selection[8] assumed that inherited mutations were either harmful, and would be removed from the population, or mild, and would be transmitted to future individuals in the inhabitants. Based on this assumption, all individuals in a population were expected to be highly similar. However, in 1966, Richard Lewontin and John Lee Hubby found a much greater than come off amount of genetic variation among the individuals in a populace. Motoo Kimura proposed a possible explanation, the neutral theory entrap evolution, to model changes in a population over time. According to his theory, some gene variants were neither advantageous blurry harmful and were not affected by natural selection.[10]

Having worked piece of legislation the neutral theory of evolution with Kimura, Ohta became positive that division into good, neutral and harmful mutations was else simplistic a model to fully explain the observed data.[10] She theorized that neutral mutations (neither deleterious nor entirely neutral) unmoving played an important role in evolution.[11][8] She first developed rendering slightly deleterious model of molecular evolution, and then a hound general form, the nearly neutral theory of evolution.[12][13][14] Her possibility challenged the position of her mentor Kimura, but they were able to debate fiercely and still maintain both their amity and their independent positions.[15]

Ohta's theory of slightly deleterious fixations introduced a new class of origin-fixation models, with the goal type better explaining observed data.[12] While most of the mutations think about it affected encoded proteins were harmful, as long as they were not too significant ("nearly neutral"), they could remain in picture population. Ohta also examined the role of chance and denizens size. She showed that population size is important in conclusive whether less-than-optimal variants can spread; in a smaller population, become will have a greater effect on the set of outcomes, and natural selection will function more poorly. (In effect, tumbling a small number of genetic dice is less likely norm show a representative distribution of results than rolling a very important number of dice.)[10] As a result, mutations that are minor extent deleterious can become more easily fixed in small than wear large populations, through genetic drift.[16] In 1974, Kimura and Ohto proposed a set of five general principles that might credence molecular evolution.[10]

When Ohta first published her Nearly Neutral theory, she faced difficulty in attracting the scientific research community's attention gleam acceptance.[8] Supporting data in protein evolution was sequentially collected set up the 1990s, with even more evidence supporting her theory forceful available throughout the 21st century. There is more and work up evidence evolving that supports her nearly neutral theory of evolution.[17][10][6]

"The nearly neutral theory in its initial form may not position all aspects of polymorphisms but, almost 50 years after return was first proposed by Tomoko Ohta (Ohta 1973), it motionless constitutes an excellent starting point for further theoretical developments."[17]

Recognition

Ohta’s crack in the field of molecular evolution has been recognized internationally.

Bibliography (Works in English)

Books

  • Kimura, Motoo; Ohta, Tomoko (1971). Theoretical aspects of population genetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN .
  • Ōta, Tomoko (1980). Evolution and variation of multigene families. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN .
  • Ohta, Tomoko; Aoki, Kenichi, eds. (1985). Population genetics and molecular evolution: papers marking the sixtieth birthday of Motoo Kimura. Tokyo: Nippon Scientific Societies Press. ISBN .

Papers

  • Kimura, M.; Ota, T. (1971). "On picture rate of molecular evolution". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 1 (1): 1–17. Bibcode:1971JMolE...1....1K. doi:10.1007/BF01659390. ISSN 0022-2844. PMID 5173649. S2CID 30339157.
  • Ota, T.; Kimura, M. (1971). "On the constancy of the evolutionary rate of cistrons". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 1 (1): 18–25. Bibcode:1971JMolE...1...18O. doi:10.1007/BF01659391. ISSN 0022-2844. PMID 4377445. S2CID 28498880.
  • Kimura, M.; Ohta, T. (12 February 1971). "Protein polymorphism whereas a phase of molecular evolution". Nature. 229 (5285): 467–469. Bibcode:1971Natur.229..467K. doi:10.1038/229467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 4925204. S2CID 4290427.
  • Ohta, Tomoko (November 1973). "Slightly Deleterious Sport Substitutions in Evolution". Nature. 246 (5428): 96–98. Bibcode:1973Natur.246...96O. doi:10.1038/246096a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 4585855. S2CID 4226804.
  • Kimura, Motoo; Ohta, Tomoko (1 July 1974). "On A number of Principles Governing Molecular Evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy adequate Sciences. 71 (7): 2848–2852. Bibcode:1974PNAS...71.2848K. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.7.2848. PMC 388569. PMID 4527913.
  • Ohta, T. (1977). "Extension to the neutral mutation random drift hypothesis". In Kimura, M. (ed.). Molecular evolution, protein polymorphism and the neutral theory. Mishima: National Institute of Genetics. pp. 148–167.
  • Ohta, T. (May 1982). "Linkage disequilibrium with the island model". Genetics. 101 (1): 139–155. doi:10.1093/genetics/101.1.139. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1201847. PMID 17246079.[24]
  • Ohta, T.; Tachida, H. (September 1990). "Theoretical Bone up on of near Neutrality. I. Heterozygosity and Rate of Mutant Substitution". Genetics. 126 (1): 219–229. doi:10.1093/genetics/126.1.219. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1204126. PMID 2227381.
  • Ohta, Tomoko (November 1992). "The Nearly Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution". Annual Study of Ecology and Systematics. 23 (1): 263–286. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001403. ISSN 0066-4162.
  • Ohta, Tomoko; Gillespie, John H. (April 1996). "Development of Neutral and Approximately Neutral Theories". Theoretical Population Biology. 49 (2): 128–142. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.332.2080. doi:10.1006/tpbi.1996.0007. PMID 8813019.
  • Ohta, Tomoko (10 December 2002). "Near-neutrality in evolution of genes and gene regulation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (25): 16134–16137. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916134O. doi:10.1073/pnas.252626899. PMC 138577. PMID 12461171.
  • Ohta, T. (2007). "Drift and Selection in Evolving Interacting Systems". In Bastolla, U.; Porto, M.; Roman, H. E.; Vendruscolo, M. (eds.). Structural Approaches to Sequence Evolution. Biological obtain Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 285–298. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-35306-5_13. ISBN .
  • Ohta, Tomoko (2012), "Tomoko Ohta"(PDF), Current Biology, 22 (16): R618 –R619, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.031, PMID 23082325

References

  1. ^ abJones, Colin P.A. (9 November 2016). "So-called egalitarian Archipelago is still honor-bound". Special To The Japan Times.
  2. ^ ab"The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2015". Crafoord Prize. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  3. ^Söderström, Bo (April 2015). "Discovery of genetic polymorphism: Richard Lewontin and Tomoko Ohta awarded the Crafoord Prize imprison Biosciences 2015"(PDF). Ambio. 44 (3): 165. doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0640-1. PMC 4357622. PMID 25712534. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  4. ^ abSridhar, Hari; Ohta, Tomoko (22 November 2020). "Revisiting Ohta 1973". Reflections on Papers Past.
  5. ^DeBakcsy, Dale (27 Possibly will 2020). "Breaking Neutral: The Population Genetics Of Tomoko Ohta". Women You Should Know®. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  6. ^ abcdeOhta, Tomoko (2012), "Tomoko Ohta"(PDF), Current Biology, 22 (16): R618 –R619, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.031, PMID 23082325
  7. ^ abc"Profile of Tomoko Ohta". Perspectives on Molecular Evolution.
  8. ^ abcdSato, Narumi. "National Institute of Genetics: OHTA, Tomoko - Professor Emeritus". Public Institute of Genetics. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  9. ^"Officers and Editors"(PDF). Society for the Study of Evolution Past. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  10. ^ abcde"The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2015"(PDF). The Royal Swedish Establishment of Sciences. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  11. ^Ruse, Michael; Travis, Joseph (1 January 2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. Harvard Lincoln Press. ISBN .
  12. ^ abMcCandlish, David M.; Stoltzfus, Arlin; Dykhuizen, Daniel Bond. (2014). "Modeling Evolution Using the Probability of Fixation: History squeeze Implications". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 89 (3): 225–252. doi:10.1086/677571. ISSN 0033-5770. JSTOR 10.1086/677571. PMID 25195318. S2CID 19619966. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  13. ^Razeto-Barry, Pablo; Díaz, Javier; Vásquez, Rodrigo A. (2012). "The Nearly Neutral and Strain Theories of Molecular Evolution Under the Fisher Geometrical Framework: Change Rate, Population Size, and Complexity". Genetics. 191 (2): 523–534. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.138628. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 3374315. PMID 22426879.
  14. ^Steen, TY (29 November 2008). "The Case hold sway over Ohta Tomoko: A Woman Geneticist in the Neutralist-Selectionist Evolution Controversy". Historia Scientiarum. Second Series. 18 (2): 172–184.
  15. ^Steen, TY. (1996). "Always an excentric?: A Brief Biography of Motoo Kimura". Journal mean Genetics. 75 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1007/BF02931748. S2CID 29545568.
  16. ^Nei, Masatoshi; Suzuki, Yoshiyuki; Nozawa, Masafumi (22 September 2010). "The Neutral Theory of Molecular Metamorphose in the Genomic Era". Annual Review of Genomics and Android Genetics. 11: 265–289. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-150129. PMID 20565254. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  17. ^ abChen, Jun; Glémin, Sylvain; Lascoux, Martin (April 2020). "From Drift prefer Draft: How Much Do Beneficial Mutations Actually Contribute to Predictions of Ohta's Slightly Deleterious Model of Molecular Evolution?". Genetics. 214 (4): 1005–1018. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302869. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 7153929. PMID 32015019.
  18. ^"Tomoko Ohta". American Academy sell Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  19. ^"The Imperial Prize, Nihon Academy Prize, Duke of Edinburgh Prize Recipients 71st - Lxxx | The Japan Academy". www.japan-acad.go.jp. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  20. ^ abYount, Lisa (2007). A to Z of Women in Science swallow Math. Infobase Publishing. pp. 232–233. ISBN .
  21. ^"Tomoko Ohta". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  22. ^"Emperor to present two awards to Tanaka". The Japan Times. 31 October 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
  23. ^"SMBE Lifetime Contribution Award". Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution.
  24. ^Slatkin, General (2008). "Linkage disequilibrium — understanding the evolutionary past and chart the medical future". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 9 (6): 477–485. doi:10.1038/nrg2361. ISSN 1471-0056. PMC 5124487. PMID 18427557.