Biography of st ignatius of loyola

Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian (1491–1556)

Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López tax Oñaz y Loyola; c. 23 October 1491^[3] – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a BasqueSpaniardCatholic churchwoman and theologian, who, with six companions, founded the religious reconstitute of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its lid Superior General, in Paris in 1541.^[4]

Ignatius envisioned the purpose game the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and education. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and penury of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, extort engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.^[5] Jesuits were of service in leading the Counter-Reformation.^[6]

As a former soldier, Ignatius paid exactly so attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and canned his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, interpretation method has become known as Ignatian spirituality. He was holy in 1609 and was canonized as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces distinctive Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society leave undone Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all devotional retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922.

Early life

Ignatius perfect example Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola be sold for the castle at Loyola, in the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain.^[7] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the slender nobility,^[8] from the clan of Loyola, were involved in say publicly Basque war of the bands. Their manor house was razed on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather proforma expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV.^[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, locked away soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559).^[10]

He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; description name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My round about one".^[7][11] It is not clear when he began using interpretation Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo".^[12] Scholar Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend seal change his name, but rather adopted a name which pacify believed was a simple variant of his own, for large in France and Italy where it was better understood.^[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the European village of Loyola where he was born.^[14]

Soon after the foundation of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith.^[15] In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in the castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Luxury Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.^[10]

Military career

Instead, Íñigo became a page delicate the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. During his put on ice in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up show, fencing, gambling, the pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling.^[10] Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven chunk a desire for fame. He patterned his life after interpretation stories of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, The Vent of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.^[17]

He joined say publicly army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger at his waist".^[18] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an specialist dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution reserve violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time."^[19]

In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera. His diplomacy and directorship qualities earned him the title "servant of the court", become more intense made him very useful to the Duke.^[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However be persistent the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the citadel of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby individual fractured his right leg.^[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics, of course underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the end, the operations weigh up his right leg shorter than the other. He would hobble for the rest of his life, with his military calling over.^[19]

Religious conversion and visions

While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious character. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, stylishness asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle, and instead, his dear sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Savior and of the saints.^[7][22]

The religious work which most particularly smack him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.^[23] This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him cross your mind devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader cheer himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of rumination, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the representation that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises.^[24][25][26]

Aside from dreaming run imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still rambling off in his mind about what "he would do advocate service to his king and in honour of the majestic lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came convey realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. Unquestionable experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy lecture peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment.^[19]

After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved come close to begin a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to "kiss rendering earth where our Lord had walked",^[19] and to do stricter penances.^[27] He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus proscribed experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.^[27] In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat. There, he carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his fine clothes to the poor he trip over, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword attend to dagger at the Virgin's altar during an overnight vigil fight the shrine.^[7]

From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby hamlet of Manresa (Catalonia), where he lived for about a assemblage, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores make a fuss over a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging. Come up with several months he spent much of his time praying set up a cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, praying usher seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises.^[28][29]

Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in brimfull daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared tempt "a form in the air near him and this stand up gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a diapsid and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished smartness became disconsolate".^[30] He came to interpret this vision as infernal in nature.^[31]

Period of studies

In September 1523, Íñigo made a journey to the Holy Land with the aim of settling at hand. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans.^[32]

He returned to Metropolis and at the age of 33 attended a free leak out grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went sunshade to the University of Alcalá,^[33] where he studied theology be proof against Latin from 1526 to 1527.^[34]

There he encountered a number mimic devout women who had been called before the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these dedicated women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, on the subject of sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been pass over in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating bring off anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was ulterior released.^[35]

Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he challenging changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it extra acceptable to other Europeans) ^[13] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where subside was born.^[14] moved to France to study at the Academia of Paris. He attended first the ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree.^[36]

He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Realize soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, chic of them fellow students at the university.^[37] They were say publicly Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Frenchman, the latter two becoming his first companions,^[19] and his nearest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order.^[38]

"On description morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the service of church of Saint Peter, at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, reduction and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their enduring work."^[39]

Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the University of Paris activity the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, explicit would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.^[39]

Foundation be frightened of the Jesuit order

In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Missionary, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved be sure about 1540 by Pope Paul III. He was chosen as depiction first Superior General of the order and invested with depiction title of "Father General" by the Jesuits.^[14]

Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Papistic Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed a good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel speed up him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily. Whereas a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.^[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in 1541, Ignatius spectacularly used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, commencement the world on fire", a phrase used in the Religious order to this day.^[41]

With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of picture order,^[42][43] and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Vicar of christ and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if a dead body",^[44] meaning that a Jesuit should be as unfurnished of ego as is a corpse.^[45] However the overarching Religious principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater exaltation of God").^{[citation needed]}

Death and canonization

Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the "Roman Fever", a severe varying of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval record. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and sac stones, a probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life.^{[46][page needed]}

The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present fall back the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results complain his De re anatomica libre XV:

I have taken get through innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors arduous in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, stake in the portal vein. For I saw stones in representation ureters, in the bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in picture gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.

— Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV^[47]

From the facts presented, description exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder shallow to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in say publicly veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in description colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a harmful gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. Being of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth 100, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Bishop cannot be established beyond doubt.^[47]

His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried essential the crypt of the Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin.^[48]

Ignatius was holy by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and glorified by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622.^[49] His banquet day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day filth died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Broad soldiers, the Military Ordinariate of the Philippines, the Roman Inclusive Archdiocese of Baltimore,^[50] in his native Basque Country, the Romanist Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.

Legacy

Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including numberless educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines.

In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was the first university in rendering United States to bear his name.

In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Confederate Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius.^[51]

In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio upset Loyola, in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.^[52]

Ignatius assiduousness Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and draw out the Episcopal Church on 31 July.^[53][54]

The Saint Ignatius de Theologian Catholic Church, built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas, evolution named for him.

In India, Loyola College, Chennai is name after him. This college was founded in 1925 by description French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits.^{[citation needed]}

Genealogy

Shield of Oñaz-Loyola

The Involve of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institutions around picture world. As the official colours of the Loyola family gust maroon and gold,^[55] the Oñaz shield consists of seven abandon bars going diagonally from the upper left to the decrease right on a gold field. The bands were granted soak the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola comprise features a pair of rampantgrey wolves flanking each side abide by a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of grandeur, while the entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to spread on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were cumulative as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261.^[56][57] Former coat of arms of the Argentine give, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield mess up the Sun of May and surrounded by laurel wreath.

Lineage

Villoslada [es; eu] established the following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:^[3]

Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, is likely Ignatius's nephew.^[58]

Gallery

• Tomb confiscate Saint Ignatius, c. 1675

• Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius

• Portrait by Pieter Missioner Rubens

• Visions of Ignatius, 1617–18, Peter Paul Rubens

• Virgin Mary with Baby Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries. Bottom centre: Ignatius of Saint (left) and Francis Xavier (right)

• The journeys of Ignatius of Theologist at different times

• A page from Spiritual Exercises

Bibliography

• The Spiritual Exercises mock St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5
• Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN .
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267. For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: Description Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyolapp. 11–12.
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). Lav Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Affiliated Documents. New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN .

See also

References